Biology
Suitable Age Group: Ages 18–21
Grade Reference
| 🇺🇸 United States | College Freshman – College Senior |
| 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | University Year 1 – University Year 4 |
| 🇮🇳 India | B.Sc. Year 1 – B.Sc. Year 4 |
| 🇳🇬 Nigeria | University Year 1 – University Year 4 |
| 🇿🇦 South Africa | University Year 1 – Honours |
| 🇦🇺 Australia | University Year 1 – Honours |
| 🇨🇦 Canada | University Year 1 – University Year 4 |
About This Textbook
This textbook is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens.
Table of Contents
The Chemistry of Life (The Study of Life, The Chemical Foundation of Life, Biological Macromolecules) — The Cell (Cell Structure, Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes, Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, Cell Communication, Cell Reproduction) — Genetics (Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction, Mendel’s Experiments and Heredity, Modern Understandings of Inheritance, DNA Structure and Function, Genes and Proteins, Gene Expression, Biotechnology and Genomics) — Evolutionary Processes (Evolution and the Origin of Species, The Evolution of Populations, Phylogenies and the History of Life) — Biological Diversity (Viruses, Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Seedless Plants, Seed Plants, Introduction to Animal Diversity, Invertebrates, Vertebrates) — Plant Structure and Function (Plant Form and Physiology, Soil and Plant Nutrition, Plant Reproduction) — Animal Structure and Function (The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function, Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System, The Nervous System, Sensory Systems, The Endocrine System, The Musculoskeletal System, The Respiratory System, The Circulatory System, Osmotic Regulation and Excretion, The Immune System, Animal Reproduction and Development) — Ecology (Ecology and the Biosphere, Population and Community Ecology, Ecosystems, Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)
